3% NaCl= 513mmol/L Na
0.9% NaCl= 154 mmol/L Na
1g NaCl= 17mmol Na
Goal of therapy
- To increase serum sodium by 4-6mEq/L in 24 hours. In urgent situation, this goal needs to be achieved over 6 hours or less and maintained at constant level for the remainder of 24-hour period. If needed, increase by 4-6mEq/L in 24 hours the next day until sodium level is normal or near normal.
- Maximum increase of 10mmol/L serum Na in 24-hour period in asymptomatic patient and 12mmol/L in symptomatic patient. DO NOT EXCEED.
- Asymptomatic hyponatraemia to be corrected at maximum rate of 0.5mmol/L/hr
Management
- Initial therapy in patients with hyponatremia depends upon the duration of the hyponatremia, the severity of the hyponatremia, and whether or not patients are symptomatic
Plasma Na > 120mmol/L
|
-Aggressive treatment generally not required
-Gradual correction of hyponatraemia can be achieved by
water restriction/administration of NS or oral salt
|
Plasma Na< 110mmol/L or with severe symptoms
|
-Require urgent treatment
-Rapid rate of increase of 1-2mmol/L/hr for the first 3-4 hour
|
- Hypertonic saline is indicated for severe cases.
- For severe symptoms, 100ml of 3%NaCl infused IV over 10 minutes x 3 as needed
- For mild-moderate symptoms with low risk of herniation, 3% NaCl infused at 0.5ml/kg/hour
Hypovolemic hyponatraemia
|
-Use of hypertonic(3%) saline is seldom indicated
-Isotonic saline should not be administered
-Use normal saline (0.9%)
|
Isovolaemic hyponatraemia
|
-No-mild symptoms: Fluid restriction,
0.9% saline (~1.5-2L/d) + frusemide esp. in those with higher urine osm
-Severe symptoms:
Seizure&coma= rapid increase (~3mmol in 3 hr)
Severe confusion= mod increase (~3-6mmol in 12 h)
Use IV frusemide+ hypertonic 3% saline
-Stop rapid correction once life-treatening symptoms ceased or
moderation of other symptoms or serum Na 125-130mmol/L (or lower if baseline Na is <100mmol/L) |
Hypervolaemic hyponatraemia
|
-Restriction of water and salt intake
-Correct hypoK
-Diuretics + Na replacement
Onset <48 hours: Increase by 12mmol/L in 24 hr
Onset >48 hr: Treat slowly with restriction of water
|
Formula
Change in serum Na= Infusate Na - serum Na
TBW + 1
TBW= body weight x fraction
Fraction = 0.6 in children, 0.6 in men, 0.5 in women, 0.5 in elderly men, 0.45 in elderly women.
Plan
- Avoid too rapid a correction due to risk of development of central pontine myelinolysis.
- Monitor serum Na levels often to ensure appropriate rate of correction, 2-4 hourly.
- Monitor urine output
References
1. Sarawak Handbook of Medical Emergencies 3ed.
2. Up-To-Date
3. http://www.drugs.com/monograph/sodium-chloride.html
4. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/242166-treatment
No comments:
Post a Comment
Note: Only a member of this blog may post a comment.