Background:
- Optimised antiepileptics(AEDs) prior to conception, if possible before exposure of fetus to possible teratogenic effects of AEDs.
- There is no agreement on the extent of teratogenicity of AEDs (exp. Valproate) hence AED that stops seizure is the preferred choice.
Table 1: Teratogenic effects of AEDs
AEDs
|
Pregnancy
category
|
Reported major teratogenic effects
|
Remarks
|
Phenytoin*
|
D
|
Cleft lip & palate, cardiac defects;
craniofacial defects digital
hypoplasia.Recent evidence
suggest no increased risk
|
· Phenytoin levels may decrease during
pregnancy, monitor for dose adjustment
|
Valproate*
|
X
|
NTDs, cardiac defects, urogenital
malformations
|
· Avoid if have family hx of NTD unless
necessary
|
Carbamazepine*
|
D
|
NTDs
|
· Small decrease of CBZ levels during 2nd
and 3rd trimester
· Avoid if have family hx of NTD unless
necessary
|
Ethosuximide
|
D
|
Cleft palate
| |
Phenobarbitone*
|
B/D
|
Cleft palate
|
· Risk of withdrawal symptoms
(i.e seizures and hyperirritability)
in neonates when used in 3rd trimester
|
Vigabatrin
|
C
|
Cleft palate
| |
Lamotrigine*
|
C
|
Oro-facial cleft
|
· Increased clearance two to threefold
during pregnancy, monitor for dose adjustment
|
Topiramate
|
D
|
Cleft lip and palate, hypospadias
|
· Levels may decrease during 2nd and 3rd
trimester, monitor for dose adjustment
|
Levetiracetam*
|
C
|
No increased risk
|
· Levetiracetam levels may decrease
during pregnancy, monitor for dose adjustment
|
* Available in HKGU
Choice of AEDs:
AEDs
|
Risks/benefits
|
Sodium
valproate
|
Not contraindicated but not recommended due to higher risk of teratogenicity.
Use at lowest effective dose if needed.
Aim doses- 500-600mg/day. Avoid high plasma level (>70mcg/ml) unless necessary to control seizure.
|
Lamotrigine
|
Associated with worst seizure control as compared to other AEDs
|
Levetiracetam
|
Associated with fewer seizure affected pregnancy as compared to lamotrigine
|
Recommendations:
- Changing AED is not recommended during pregnancy. Continue patient on current AED and monitor for drug plasma levels and clinical status during pregnancy.
- For newly started patients, the choice of AEDs depends on the type of seizures.
- All AEDs can be considered during pregnancy except for sodium valproate which is best avoided due to clear risk of teratogenicity.
- In general, most AEDs are pregnancy category D except for lamotrigine and levetiracetam (category C). Levetiracetam is reported to have better clinical outcomes as compared to lamotrigine
Plans:
- Use lowest effective dose possible
- Monitor plasma drug concentration and clinical status
- Avoid multiple use of AEDs
References: Up-to-date, Lexicomp, Consensus Guideline on Management of Epilepsy 2010.
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